Alternatives for nematode control in connection with anthelmintic resistance

Short introduction to chemotherapy as well as a list of the most frequently used anthelmintics are given in the first part of the paper. Chemotherapy has been used as the only means of parasite control in many cases, which re sults in development of resistance of some nematode parasites to anthelmint ic drugs. Furthermore, there is a considerable problem of residues both in animal tissues and on pasture. Options for other chemotherapeutical approac hes, in case that anthelmintic resistance occurs, are discussed (using anot her drug, combinations of drugs, possibilities of reversion to susceptibili ty, prospects for development of new drugs). The main goal of the paper is to introduce non-chemotherapeutical methods for helminth control - vaccines against helminths, genetic approaches (selection for helminth-resistant ho sts and genetic manipulations of the parasite), alternative chemicals (grow th regulators), biological control (nematophagous fungi). However, the most of these methods are in the stage of intensive research and it probably ta kes some time before they become a part of reliable helminth control system s. Therefore, there are a few short recommendations presented how to mainta in the sufficient efficacy of anthelmintics and to prevent or delay the dev elopment of anthelmintic resistance.