Aa. Johnson, FRACTOGRAPHY OF AN AXLE WHICH BROKE UNDER COMBINED BENDING IMPACT ANDTORSION, Journal of engineering materials and technology, 116(1), 1994, pp. 130-131
An automobile rear axle broke at the differential end when the vehicle
collided with a tree at about 35 m.p.h. The fracture surfaces exhibit
ed features characteristic of both bending impact and torsional overlo
ad. It was concluded that the fracture started as a bending impact whe
n the frontal collision forced the entire drive system rearward. The f
racture was completed by torsional overload when the drive system lock
ed and the wheel continued to turn.