ION REGULATION IN WHITEFISH (COREGONUS-LAVARETUS L.) YOLK-SAC FRY EXPOSED TO LOW PH AND ALUMINUM AT LOW AND MODERATE IONIC-STRENGTH

Anadromous whitefish [Coregonus lavaretus (L.)] were exposed during th e yolk-sac phase to combinations of pH values of 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, a nd 4.0 and nominal Al concentrations of 0, 100, 200, and 400 mu g lite r(-1) for 4 days. The test waters were: (1) lake water diluted 1:1 wit h ion exchanged water (DLW) and (2) artificial water (AW). The major d ifferences were: [Ca2+] 0.069 mmol liter(-1) in DLW versus 0.034 mmol liter(-1) in AW, [Na+] 1.5 and [Cl-1] 1.8 times higher in DLW, with no dissolved organic material in AW. The fry were sampled daily for the analysis of exchangeable body Na+ and Cl- contents, and the swimming a ctivity and mortality were registered. Aluminum initially protected yo lk-sac fry against acidic water at pH 4.0 both in DLW and in AW. Gener ally, however, an increase in [Al] and a decrease in pH increased the adverse effects, seen as decreased exchangeable body Na+ and Cl- conte nt, decreased swimming activity, and increased mortality. The effects of Al were more pronounced in AW compared with DLW. In AW, the Na+ and Cl- content of the fry already decreased after 1 day of exposure to a level that predicts mortalities. There was a time trend in DLW toward decreasing exchangeable body Na+ and Cl- concentrations as a function of increasing acidity and [Al]. In DLW, mortalities occurred primaril y at pH4.0; at that pH value in AW, the mortality rate was even higher , and mortalities also occurred after 2 to 4 days at all other pH valu es. There was a threshold limit in exchangeable body Na+ and Cl- conce ntrations at which yolk-sac fry became passive; it was at approximatel y 0.3 mu mol per fry in DLW and was slightly higher in AW. In the DLW control with moderate ionic strength, the Na+/Cl- ratio was above 1 fr om the second exposure day on but remained closer to 1 in soft AW cont rol. The Na+/Cl- ratio was predominantly >1 in AW when the fry were ex posed to moderate acidities but approached 1 at pH values < 5.0. The N a+/Cl- ratio was mostly less than or equal to 1 in DLW, irrespective o f the exposure, indicating cation selectivity of ion leakage pathways in slightly harder water. (C) 1998 Academic Press.