ANALYSIS OF INTER-FRAGMENTARY MOVEMENT AS A FUNCTION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL LOADING CONDITIONS IN SHEEP

It is well accepted that inter-fragmentary movement influences the fra cture healing process. Small axial movement can stimulate callus forma tion whereas larger shear movement delays the healing process. It is, therefore, essential for optimal fracture healing to minimize shear an d to control axial movement, Unfortunately, the complex gap movements are mostly unknown under the large variety of clinical as well as expe rimental conditions of fracture fixation. To further understand the co mplex interactions of musculoskeletal loading and inter-fragmentary mo vements in bones and to reduce the need for animal experiments, a thre e-dimensional (3D) musculoskeletal model of the left hind limb of a sh eep was developed. From 3D ground reaction forces and inverse dynamics , resultant joint loading was determined over a gait cycle. Muscle and joint contact forces were derived from an optimization routine and in ternal loads in the tibia and metatarsus from beam theory. Finally, in ter-fragmentary movements were calculated from the bony loading condit ion and experimentally determined stiffness matrices of monolateral AI SF external fixator constructs. Both the joint contact forces at the h ip and gap movement of a mid-shaft tibial fracture agree with in vivo data reported in the literature. The bones proved to be mainly axially loaded with slightly increasing shear forces toward their ends. The r esults suggest that inter-fragmentary movement of metatarsal fractures is fairly independent, of the fracture location whereas the movement increases in proximal tibial fractures compared to those in the distal and diaphyseal tibia. Considerable shear movement was found for all l ocations and external fixator mountings. However, shear movement could be minimized with a cranio-lateral rather than a cranio-medial shift from the cranial fixator plane. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rig hts reserved.