This two-part article reviews the current literature on journal peer r
eview. Research on this subject has grown during the 1980s and 1990s a
nd has increased our awareness of both the myths and facts about peer
review. Part 1 summarizes research findings on the participants in the
system (the appointment mechanisms of editors and referees, and revie
wer tasks and qualifications) and systemic problems of reliability, ac
curacy, and bias. Part 2 describes current research on how fraud, favo
ritism, and self-interest may affect the review system and on such pol
icy issues as interference of particularistic criteria; connections am
ong editors, authors, and referees; and double-blind review. Although
the literature indicates that peer review has many problems, the autho
r concludes that it is difficult to imagine how science could advance
without such a key quality control mechanism.