EVALUATION OF SHIP-BASED ELECTROMAGNETIC-INDUCTIVE THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS OF SUMMER SEA-ICE IN THE BELLINGSHAUSEN AND AMUNDSEN SEAS, ANTARCTICA

The accuracy of electromagnetic-inductive (EM) sea-ice thickness measu rements performed from a moving icebreaker is evaluated. Ice thickness distributions and ridge statistics are derived. In the Bellingshausen Sea the ice was moderately deformed with mean and modal ice thickness es of 1.3 and 0.9 m, respectively. In contrast, the heavily deformed i ce in the Amundsen Sea had mean thicknesses between 2.3 and 3.1 m, wit h modes between 1.6 and 2.7 m. By means of the measured apparent elect rical conductivity on ice of known thickness, the conductivity of the perennial summer ice was found to be significant and could not be negl ected in the calibration of EM measurements. The high conductivity is mainly due to the widespread occurrence of seawater-filled gaps close to the ice surface. The system, consisting of commercially available i nstruments, yielded reliable mean thickness estimates. This is shown b y comparison with drill-hole measurements and visual observations. How ever, the thickness profiles appear highly low-pass filtered compared to their surface height profile determined with a laser altimeter. Thu s the system possesses a limited lateral resolution such that the thic kness of single pressure ridges cannot be resolved. This is only in pa rt attributed to the trade-off between increasing instrument height an d decreasing lateral resolution of EM measurements. The low resolution is mainly due to the particular EM instrument, as its sensitivity is highly reduced if used far above the water surface, and it has a compa ratively long time constant of 1 s. Additionally, the water-filled gap in the ice generally reduces the sensitivity of the measured apparent conductivity to ice thickness changes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.