Ea. Bergin et al., THE POSTSHOCK CHEMICAL LIFETIMES OF OUTFLOW TRACERS AND A POSSIBLE NEW MECHANISM TO PRODUCE WATER ICE MANTLES, The Astrophysical journal, 499(2), 1998, pp. 777-792
We have used a coupled time-dependent chemical and dynamical model to
investigate the lifetime of the chemical legacy in the wake of C-type
shocks. We concentrate this study on the chemistry of H2O and O-2, two
molecules which are predicted to have abundances that are significant
ly affected in shock-heated gas. Two models are presented: (1) a three
-stage model of preshock, shocked, and postshock gas; and (2) a Monte
Carlo cloud simulation where we explore the effects of stochastic shoc
k activity on molecular gas over a cloud lifetime. For both models we
separately examine the pure gas-phase chemistry as well as the chemist
ry including the interactions of molecules with grain surfaces. In agr
eement with previous studies, we find that shock velocities in excess
of 10 km s(-1) are required to convert all of the oxygen not locked in
CO into H2O before the gas has an opportunity to cool. For pure gasph
ase models the lifetime of the high water abundances, or ''H2O legacy,
'' in the postshock gas is similar to(4-7) x 10(5) yr, independent of
the gas density. A density dependence for the lifetime of H2O is found
in gas-grain models as the water molecules deplete onto grains at the
depletion timescale. Through the Monte Carlo cloud simulation we demo
nstrate that the time-average abundance of H2O, the weighted average o
f the amount of time gas spends in preshock, shock, and postshock stag
es, is a sensitive function of the frequency of shocks. Thus we predic
t that the abundance of H2O, and to a lesser extent O-2, can be used t
o trace the history of shock activity in molecular gas. We use previou
s large-scale surveys of molecular outflows to constrain the frequency
of 10 km s(-1) shocks in regions with varying star formation properti
es and discuss the observations required to test these results. We dis
cuss the postshock lifetimes for other possible outflow tracers (e.g.,
SiO and CH3OH) and show that the differences between the lifetimes fo
r various tracers can produce potentially observable chemical variatio
ns between younger and older outflows. For gas-grain models we find th
at the abundance of water-ice on grain surfaces can be quite large and
is comparable to that observed in molecular clouds. This offers a pos
sible alternative method to create water mantles without resorting to
grain surface chemistry: gas heating and chemical modification due to
a C-type shock and subsequent depletion of the gas-phase species onto
grain mantles.