The probabilistic approach to dynamical systems giving rise to irrever
sible behavior at the macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic levels
of description is outlined. Signatures of the complexity of the underl
ying dynamics on the spectral properties of the Liouville, Frobenius-P
erron, and Fokker-Planck operators are identified. Entropy and entropy
production-like quantities are introduced and the connection between
their properties in nonequilibrium steady states and the characteristi
cs of the dynamics in phase space are explored. (C) 1998 American Inst
itute of Physics.