Sa. Arnott et al., TAIL-FLIP MECHANISM AND SIZE-DEPENDENT KINEMATICS OF ESCAPE SWIMMING IN THE BROWN SHRIMP CRANGON-CRANGON, Journal of Experimental Biology, 201(11), 1998, pp. 1771-1784
Tail-flip escape swimming by the brown shrimp Crangon crangon has been
investigated across a range of body lengths (11-69mm) using high-spee
d video analysis. This has revealed several novel aspects of the tail-
flip mechanism when compared with that of other decapod crustaceans th
at have been studied. (i) The pattern of body flexion in C. crangon pr
oduces movement of the cephalothorax as well as the abdomen about the
centre of mass. (ii) Shrimps form a 'head-fan' with their antennal sca
les, in addition to the tail-fan formed by their uropods, apparently f
or generating thrust during tail-flips. (iii) Shrimps typically swim o
n their side rather than in an upright body position. It is suggested
that these features may be interlinked and derive from habitat special
isation. The kinematic properties of tail-flips were found to vary wit
h shrimp size. As shrimp body length increased, the rate of body flexi
on and re-extension decreased whilst the duration of tail-flips increa
sed. Mean (and maximum) velocity estimates ranged between 0.4 m s(-1)
(0.7 m s(-1)) and 1.1 m s(-1) (1.8 m s(-1)) for shrimps of different s
izes. The combined effects of escape behaviour and size-dependent vari
ability in tail-flip kinematics will have important implications with
regard to predation risk.