A. Tonomura, OBSERVATION OF VORTICES IN METAL-SUPERCONDUCTOR AND OXIDE-SUPERCONDUCTOR USING ELECTRON WAVES, Journal of Microscopy, 190, 1998, pp. 366-374
Magnetic vortices in superconductors were directly and dynamically obs
erved using electron waves; magnetic lines of force of vortices were m
easured by holographic interference microscopy and the dynamics of vor
tices were observed by Lorentz microscopy. The interaction between vor
tices and defects in superconductors was observed.