In examining the effectiveness of offender treatment, this article att
empts to integrate disparate bodies of knowledge. An overview of the e
ffectiveness of offender treatment is presented. To put offender treat
ment into perspective, the psychotherapy outcome literature for nonoff
enders is briefly reviewed. The complexity of offender treatment is fu
rther explored by reviewing correlates and antecedents of criminality
that include antisocial personality disorder, antisocial behavior in c
hildren, and substance abuse. Implications of the existing body of kno
wledge on future policy and more active involvement by psychologists a
re discussed.