M. Fremond et B. Nedjar, DAMAGE AND PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL POWER, Comptes rendus de l'Academie des sciences. Serie 2, Mecanique, physique, chimie, sciences de l'univers, sciences de la terre, 317(7), 1993, pp. 857-864
Damage in a solid results from microscopic movements. We decide to inc
lude the power of these movements in the principle of virtual power. B
ecause the microscopic velocities are related to the damage rate, the
power of the internal forces we choose depends on the damage velocity
and also on its gradient to take into account interactions. The models
resulting from this theory are coherent and describe the main experim
ental properties, for instance the unilateral phenomenon. Concrete is
chosen as an example to illustrate the theory.