Nj. Roth et al., HIS-357 OF BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (ESCHERICHIA-COLI) INTERACTS WITH THE C3 HYDROXYL IN THE TRANSITION-STATE AND HELPS TO MEDIATE CATALYSIS, Biochemistry, 37(28), 1998, pp. 10099-10107
The His at position 357 of beta-galactosidase (Escherichia coli) was s
ubstituted by an Asp, an Asn, a Leu, and a Phe, and studies done with
the substituted enzymes showed that the main role of His-357 is to sta
bilize the transition state by interacting with the C3 hydroxyl. The s
ubstituted enzymes were less stable to heat than was wild-type enzyme
(40-90% of the activity was lost in 10 min at 52 degrees C compared to
wild-type beta-galactosidase which lost no activity), but the gross p
hysical properties of the substituted enzymes at normal temperatures w
ere not changed. There were also no differences in the ability to bind
or to be activated by Mg2+. The substitutions (except Asp) did not af
fect the pK(a) for binding substrate in the ground state, but the pK(a
) of the k(cat) was altered as would be expected for a residue importa
nt for binding the transition state. Substitution by Asp may cause a c
onformational change at high pH values. Activation energy differences
(Delta Delta G(S)double dagger), as determined by differences in k(cat
)/K-m values, indicated that substitutions for His-357 caused signific
ant destabilizations of the first transition state (for the step in wh
ich the galactoside bond is cleaved and the covalent reaction intermed
iate is formed). This resulted in decreases of up to 900-fold in k(2)
for the mononitrophenyl substrates. In contrast, the k(3) values (whic
h depend on the energy level of the second transition state) were not
decreased as much (< 90-fold). In some cases, the k(3) values even inc
reased (when Asn was substituted for His-357). The importance of His-3
57 for stabilization of the transition state was confirmed by studies
with transition state analogue inhibitors that showed that His-357 for
ms strong specific interactions with the C3 hydroxyl of the galactose
moiety of the transition state. Studies with substrate analogue inhibi
tors indicated that His-357 is probably not important for the binding
of the substrates themselves.