THE SNAIL REPRESSOR ESTABLISHES A MUSCLE NOTOCHORD BOUNDARY IN THE CIONA EMBRYO/

Previous studies have identified a minimal 434 bp enhancer from the pr omoter region of the Ciona Brachyury gene (Ci-Bra a), which is suffici ent to direct a notochord-specific pattern of gene expression. Here we present evidence that a Ciona homolog of snail (Ci-sna) encodes a rep ressor of the Ci-Bra enhancer in the tail muscles. DNA-binding assays identified four Ci-Sna-binding sites in the Ci-Bra enhancer, and mutat ions in these sites cause otherwise normal Ci-Bra/lacZ transgenes to b e misexpressed in ectopic tissues, particularly the tail muscles. Sele ctive misexpression of Ci-sna using a heterologous promoter results in the repression of Ci-Bra/lacZ transgenes in the notochord. Moreover, the conversion of the Ci-Sna repressor into an activator results in th e ectopic induction of Ci-Bra/lacZ transgenes in the muscles, and also causes an intermixing of notochord and muscle cells during tail morph ogenesis. These results suggest that Ci-Sna functions as a boundary re pressor, which subdivides the mesoderm into separate notochord and tai l muscle lineages.