A nonlinear numerical method has been developed to compute motion resp
onses for a ship traveling in steep ambient waves. The method is based
on an approximate theory and is an extension to a well-established li
near time-domain numerical method. The nonlinear solution is found to
be greatly improved over the classical linear and quasi-nonlinear solu
tions, in comparison to experimental measurements for conventional com
mercial ships. Through this study, it is also demonstrated that the fr
ee surface hydrodynamic nonlinearities are at least as important as, i
f not more than, the hydrostatic and Froude-Krylov nonlinearities. Sta
bility, consistency and convergence for the nonlinear method are also
addressed.