Within the geometric optics approximation, we derive the light cone co
ndition for a class of homogeneous non-trivial QED vacua using the eff
ective action approach. Our result generalizes the ''unified formula''
suggested by Latorre, Pascual and Tarrach which turns out to be a low
-energy limit. We calculate the velocity shifts induced by electromagn
etic fields and finite temperature and especially analyze the high-ene
rgy limit consistent with the loop approximation. (C) 1998 Elsevier Sc
ience B.V. All rights reserved.