This paper describes a generic approach to the design of a 3D virtual
environment for visual navigation. The basic design principle is that
users need to understand how an environment is organised and how they
can utilise the knowledge to find their way through the environment. I
n this paper, we focus on the relationship between implicit semantic s
tructures associated with a collection of domain-specific documents an
d users' cognitive needs in the context of visual navigation. We exten
d the notion of Pathfinder networks in order to represent implicit sem
antic structures in a 3D virtual environment. Users' cognitive needs i
n visual navigation are conceptualised based on the concept of cogniti
ve maps. (C) 1998 Academic Press.