SMAD2 AND SMAD3 POSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY REGULATE TGF-BETA-DEPENDENTTRANSCRIPTION THROUGH THE FORKHEAD DNA-BINDING PROTEIN FAST2

We identify a mammalian forkhead domain protein, FAST2, that is requir ed for induction of the goosecoid (gsc) promoter by TGF beta or activi n signaling. FAST2 binds to a sequence in the gsc promoter, but effici ent transcriptional activation and assembly of a DNA-binding complex o f FAST2, Smad3, and Smad4 requires an adjacent Smad4 site. Smad3 is cl osely related to Smad2 but suppresses activation of the gsc promoter. Inhibitory activity is conferred by the MH1 domain, which unlike that of Smad2, binds to the Smad4 site. Through competition for this shared site, Smad3 may prevent transcription by altering the conformation of the DNA-binding complex. Thus, we describe a mechanism whereby Smad2 and Smad3 positively and negatively regulate a TGF beta/activin target gene.