Specific quasi rents arise in a variety of economic relationships and
are exposed to opportunism unless fully protected by contract. Rent ap
propriation has important macroeconomic consequences. Resources are un
derutilized, factor markets are segmented, production suffers from tec
hnological ''sclerosis,'' job creation and destruction are unbalanced,
recessions are excessively sharp, and expansions run into bottlenecks
. While, depending on the shock, expansions may require reinforcement
or stabilization, recessions should typically be softened. In the long
run, institutions may evolve to alleviate the problem by balancing ap
propriation. Technology choice will also be affected, with the appropr
iated factor partially ''excluding'' the other from production to redu
ce appropriation.