This review article concerns both comparative texts with a focus on na
tional industrial relations systems and works concerned with difficult
ies faced by unions today. The author considers that one important asp
ect to be taken into consideration, both in describing the systems and
in assessing the present challenges, concerns the 'founding choices'
which helped establish the modern institutional orders. She also sugge
sts that more attention be given in comparative work to building up kn
owledge in a cumulative way.