Adaptive mutations are spontaneous mutations that occur in microorgani
sms during periods of prolonged stress in non-dividing or very slowly
dividing populations and that are specific to the environmental challe
nge that causes that stress. This article reviews the literature on ad
aptive mutagenesis since 1993. The evidence that adaptive mutagenesis
is both real and generalis considered. The most widely used system for
studying adaptive mutagenesis, reversion of an F'-borne lacI33 allele
, is shown to be a special case that reflects more about F-plasmid bio
logy than about adaptive mutagenesis in general. New evidence demonstr
ating that adaptive mutagenesis is, indeed, specific is discussed. A v
ariety of genes whose products affect adaptive mutagenesis are discuss
ed. A model to explain that specificity and new evidence in support of
that model are considered, as are potential roles of adaptive mutagen
esis in evolution and practical aspects of adaptive mutagenesis.