Visions of sustainable development often leave unanswered the question
: What actions taken by the current generation will ensure that future
generations can meet their economic and environmental needs? In this
context, we assess the role of technology in steering agriculture alon
g a more sustainable path. From the agricultural sector's perspective,
this requires an optimal investment plan for a nation's stock of envi
ronmental assets that accounts for an intergenerational fulfillment of
sustainability's dual goals: (1) satisfying food and fiber needs at r
easonable costs to consumers; and (2) providing environmental service
flows. In reviewing agricultural indicators to assess the nation's per
formance in meeting these goals, we find productivity growth has incre
ased while rates of soil erosion, wetland conversion, and pesticide ap
plication have declined. However, individuals continue to demand more
environmental services while private markets undersupply environmental
services. The capacity of the agricultural sector to meet food and fi
ber and environmental service demands partially depends on the availab
ility and adoption of new technology. Several market impediments expla
in the undersupply of sustainable technologies: (1) firms cannot fully
appropriate rents from technology development; (2) success may vary w
ith farm structure; (3) the heterogeneity of the resource base influen
ces adoption; and (4) farmers cannot capture the benefits of environme
ntal services. To address these market failures, sustainable agricultu
re policy should: (1) support research and development in sustainable
technologies and provide incentives to encourage adoption; (2) ensure
that conservation efforts reflect the efficient and sustainable alloca
tion of environmental assets; and (3) legitimize markets for foods pro
duced under more sustainable practices. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
All rights reserved.