The beam propagation factor M-2 for coherent, higher-order, single mod
e beams can be calculated in a number of different ways, for example d
irectly from information concerning the waist, or from far field infor
mation. The factor M-2 is calculated for higher order ordinary and ele
gant Hermite- and Laguerre-Gaussian modes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B
.V. All rights reserved.