Bd. Bourns et al., SIR PROTEINS, RIF PROTEINS, AND CDC13P BIND SACCHAROMYCES TELOMERES IN-VIVO, Molecular and cellular biology, 18(9), 1998, pp. 5600-5608
Although a surprisingly large number of genes affect yeast telomeres,
in most cases it is not known if their products act directly or indire
ctly. We describe a one-hybrid assay for telomere binding proteins and
use it to establish that sis proteins that affect telomere structure
or function but which had not been shown previously to bind telomeres
in vivo are indeed telomere binding proteins. A promoter-defective all
ele of HIS3 was placed adjacent to a chromosomal telomere. Candidate p
roteins fused to a transcriptional activation domain were tested for t
he ability to activate transcription of the telomere-linked HIS3 gene.
Using this system, Rif1p, Rif2p, Sir2p, Sir3p, Sir3p, and Cdc13p were
found to be in vivo telomere binding proteins. None of the proteins a
ctivated the same reporter gene when it was at an internal site on the
chromosome. Moreover, Cdc13p did not activate the reporter gene when
it was adjacent to an internal tract of telomeric sequence, indicating
that Cdc13p binding was telomere limited in vivo. The amino-terminal
20% of Cdc13p was sufficient to target Cdc13p to a telomere, suggestin
g that its DNA binding domain was within this portion of the protein.
Rap1p, Rif1p, Rif2p, Sir-4p, and Cdc13p activated the telomeric report
er gene in a strain lacking Sir3p, which is essential for telomere pos
ition effect (TPE). Thus, the telomeric association of these proteins
did not require any of the chromatin features necessary for TPE. The d
ata support models in which the telomere acts as an initiation site fo
r TPE by recruiting silencing proteins to the chromosome end.