PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION THEORY - CULTURE, ETHNICITY, AND CULTURAL IDENTIFICATION - THE LINKS BETWEEN CULTURE AND SUBSTANCE USE - IV

Ethnicity, perceived membership in a cultural group, and cultural iden tification, the strength of one's affiliation with a group, develop pr imarily through interactions with the primary socialization sources, t he family, the school, and peer clusters. Cultural norms for substance use are also transmitted as part of these interactions. Substance use differs across cultures; in different cultures some forms of substanc e use are culturally required, others are tolerated, and others are sa nctioned. Ethnicity and cultural identification, therefore, should rel ate to substance use. However, primary socialization theory indicates that simple relationships are not likely to be found for a number of r easons: 1) All members of an ethnic group do not have the same level o f cultural identification and may not, therefore, have the same confor mance to substance use norms. 2) Primary socialization sources are emb edded in subcultures, and subcultures have norms that may differ from those of the larger ethnic group. 3) The individual may experience and report differing levels of cultural identification and different subs tance use norms in different social contexts. 4) For an individual, et hnicity and cultural identification may derive from different primary socialization sources than drug use norms.