Surface heat flux components are estimated at a midshelf site over the
northern California shelf using moored measurements from the 1981-198
2 Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) and the 1988-1989 Shelf Mix
ed Layer Experiment (SMILE). Time series of estimated fluxes extend fr
om early winter through summer upwelling conditions, allowing examinat
ion of seasonal variations as well as synoptic events. On a seasonal t
imescale, the surface heat flux is strongly influenced net surface hea
t flux are the annual variation in incident shortwave solar radiation
(insolation) and the atmospheric spring transition. Between mid-Novemb
er 1988 and late February 1989, insolation is weak and the mean daily
averaged heat flux is nearly zero (absolute value less than 10 M m(-2)
), with a standard deviation of similar to 50 W m(-2). Beginning in Ma
rch, insolation increases markedly, and typical daily-averaged heat fl
uxes increase to greater than 100 W m(-2) by the spring transition in
April or May. In June and July, the average heat flux is near 200 W m(
-2), with a standard deviation of similar to 90 W m(-2). In winter, th
e daily-averaged heat flux varies on periods of several days. Net heat
flu: losses can range up to 130 W m(-2). These lasses are not identif
ied with any one type of event. For example, comparable heat flux loss
es can occur for very low relative humidities (RHs), moderate winds, a
nd clear skies, and for high RHs, high winds, and cloudy skies. In sum
mer, surface heat flux variability is strongly influenced by upwelling
and relaxation events. Up-welling is characterized by clear skies and
high equatorward winds, while relaxation is characterized by the pres
ence of clouds and low or northward winds. These conditions lead to op
posing changes in insolation and in longwave radiative cooling and lat
ent heat flux. Variability in insolation dominates, and the daily-aver
aged heat flux into the ocean is greatest during upwelling events (up
to 350 W m(-2) or more) and least during relaxation events (sometimes
less than 100 W m(-2)).