COMPARISON OF SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION (SFE), SOXHLET AND SHAKING METHODS FOR PENDIMETHALIN EXTRACTION FROM SOILS - EFFECT OF SOIL PROPERTIES AND WATER-CONTENT

Supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 was applied to the analysis of traces of pendimethalin, a herbicide of the dinitroanilines group, in four different natural soils. The Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE ) method was compared with the classical Soxhlet and shaking methods i n terms of ease to run, extraction efficiency, selectivity and reprodu cibility. The influence of the physico-chemical properties of the soil matrix on herbicide extraction was then evaluated with the SFE method . The supercritical fluid extraction system used in the present study was found to be much easier to run than the other two methods, less ti me consuming and requires fewer operations as it was optimized for on- line sample clean up. SFE is the most selective of the three tested me thods as fewer co-extracts are obtained in the final samples. SFE with CO2 is particularly powerful because pendimethalin is highly hydropho bic. However, this makes pendimethalin a poor choice for a selectivity study of SFE as it is very rapidly extracted at any CO2 density. Pend imethalin extraction with supercritical CO2 was found to be almost com plete with average recoveries of 96-99%, similarly to Soxhlet but with a much lower standard deviation (8-10%). The performance of SFE was s hown to be unaffected by soil parameters except soil water content. It is demonstrated indeed that extraction efficiency is not linearly rel ated to soil water content, and optimal recovery was found for water c ontents ranging from 2 to 15% depending on the type of soil. Soil wate r increases extraction efficiency because water acts as a modifier of the supercritical fluid and increases the penetration of the fluid ins ide the soil particles (clay swelling). In contrast to SFE and Soxhlet , the efficiency of the shaking method appeared to be partial and stro ngly dependent on soil properties. Although initial developments shoul d be needed, the various benefits of SFE-CO2 make this method attracti ve compared to traditional methods. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.