REPRODUCTION BY SUBORDINATES IN COOPERATIVELY BREEDING ARABIAN BABBLERS IS UNCOMMON BUT PREDICTABLE

In a genetic analysis of the mating system of cooperatively breeding A rabian babblers (Timalidae: Turdoides squamiceps), we identified which individuals in the population are breeding, and how reproductive succ ess was distributed among group members with respect to their dominanc e rank, for both males and females. The population was characterized b y an asymmetrical distribution of reproductive success; behaviorally d ominant males produced 176 of 186 (95%) of the offspring in 44 social groups analyzed, and alpha females produced 185 of 186 (99.5%). We eva luated models of reproductive skew by examining genetic and demographi c correlates of reproduction by subordinates. Subordinate (beta) males that sired young were more likely to be recent dispersers from their natal groups or members of newly formed groups than betas that did not reproduce. Breeding beta males had spent smaller proportions of their lives with the current alpha male and female as alphas than had beta males that did not sire young. One consequence of the linkage of dispe rsal with breeding in newly formed, nonnatal groups is that beta males that sired young had significantly lower genetic similarity to the al pha males in their groups (based on band-sharing coefficients using mu ltilocus minisatellite DNA fingerprinting) than those that did not sir e young. This pattern may occur generally in species in which group me mbership accrues both through nondispersal of young (forming groups of relatives) as well as through dispersal involving coalitions that som etimes include nonrelatives.