Ethnic norms are the ethnically symbolic behavioral codes that individ
uals must follow to retain social acceptance. They are sustained partl
y by sanctions that individuals impose on each other in trying to esta
blish good credentials. This essay analyzes the ''ethnification'' proc
ess through which ethnic norms become more demanding. The argument hin
ges on interdependencies among individual behaviors. These allow one p
erson's adjustments to trigger additional adjustments through a reputa
tional cascade-a self-reinforcing process by which people motivated to
protect and enhance their reputations induce each other to step up th
eir ethnic activities. According to the analysis, a society exhibiting
low ethnic activity generates social forces tending to preserve that
condition; but if these forces are overcome, the result may be massive
ethnification. One implication is that similarly developed societies
may exhibit very different levels of ethnic activity. Another is that
ethnically based hatreds constitute by-products of ethnification rathe
r than its mainspring.