EMERGENT IMPACTS OF MULTIPLE PREDATORS ON PREY

Although almost all prey live with many types of predator, most experi mental studies of predation have examined the effects of only one pred ator at a time. Recent work has revealed new insights into the emergen t impacts of multiple predators on prey and experimental studies have identified statistical methods for evaluating them. These studies sugg est two main types of emergent effect - risk reduction caused by preda tor-predator interactions and risk enhancement caused by conflicting p rey responses to multiple predators. Some theory and generalities are beginning to emerge concerning the conditions that tend to produce the se two outcomes.