GENETIC SCREENING AND ETHICS - EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES

Analysis and comparison of genetic screening programs shows that the e xtent of development of programs varies widely across Europe. Regional variations are due not only to genetic disease patterns but also refl ect the novelty of genetic services. In most countries, the focus for genetic screening programs has been pregnant women and newborn childre n. Newborn children are screened only for disorders which are treatabl e. Prenatal screening when provided is for conditions for which termin ation may be offered. The only population screening programs for adult s are those for thalassaemia carrier status in Cyprus, Greece and Ital y. Social responses to genetic screening range from acceptance to host ility. There is a fundamental tension between individual and community in the debates in various European countries about implementation of screening programs. Opposition to genetic screening is frequently expr essed in terms of arguments about ''eugenics'' with insufficient regar d to the meaning of the term and its implications. Only a few countrie s have introduced explicit legislation on genetic screening. Legislati on to address discrimination may provide more safeguards than legislat ion protecting genetic information itself.