DEPENDENCE AND PERCEIVED DIFFICULTY IN DAILY ACTIVITIES IN COMMUNITY-LIVING STROKE SURVIVORS 2 YEARS AFTER STROKE - A STUDY OF INSTRUMENTALSTRUCTURES

Background and Purpose-There is a need for better understanding of the structure of instruments for functional outcome assessment after disc harge from rehabilitation. One purpose of the study was to contribute to the analysis of instrumental dimensionality. Another purpose was to compare disability in stroke patients within the younger age range 2 years after onset of stroke with that at discharge with respect to bot h dependence and patients' perceived difficulty and to extend the asse ssments with instrumental activities. Methods-We studied 68 stroke sur vivors aged 18 to 71 years at onset (59% aged <55 years) by means of i nterviews in their home, using activities from the Functional Independ ence Measure (FIM) and Instrumental Activity Measure (IAM) for ratings of dependence and perceived difficulty. Rasch analysis was used to co nstruct calibrated linear measures and to evaluate the level of fit. R esults-Acceptable models for comparison of dependence between discharg e and follow-up were found for the physical and the social-cognitive i tems in FIM. However, personal care and social-cognitive items showed an increased level of dependence at follow-up compared with at dischar ge. A combination of physical activities from FIM and LAM also gave ac ceptable models for both dependence and perceived difficulty, and the hierarchical orders of activities are presented. In general, there was agreement between the ratings of dependence and perceived difficulty, but with some discrepancies. Men found it harder to be independent in such instrumental activities as cooking and cleaning than women; the opposite was true for small-scale shopping and locomotion outdoors. Su bjects aged greater than or equal to 55 years had slightly higher leve l of dependence and perceived difficulty in IAM activities than those below that age. Conclusions-Changes in the hierarchical order of activ ities should be taken into account in follow-up studies. Differences i n the environment between hospital and home, as well as differences in support and motivation, might explain the relatively larger degree of dependence at follow-up compared with at discharge and indicate the n eed for further rehabilitation efforts. Instrumental activities could be combined with FIM activities in a model. For individual items, rati ngs of both dependence and perceived difficulty may provide further in sight into the disablement process.