FROM REVIVING THE LIVING TO RAISING THE DEAD - THE MAKING OF CARDIAC RESUSCITATION

Cardiac arrest (the process of the heart ceasing to beat) and cardiac resuscitation (the attempt to restart the heart) were created in the s urgical theatres of the early to middle twentieth century, in response to the cardiac arrests which were being caused by the ''theatre'' doc tors themselves. These patients were young and healthy (a consequence of the preselection surgery involves), cardiac resuscitation was tryin g to revive the living. The paper explores the intimate relationship b etween cardiac arrest and cardiac resuscitation. By the use of histori cal and Latourian sociological analysis the paper also reveals how car diac resuscitation was made into the emblematic medical event it is to day, a process which has been so complete that it has become, in many senses, an ''obligatory passage point to death'', that is, in order to die one must pass through cardiac resuscitation. The outcome of this is the changed nature of cardiac resuscitation, no longer attempting t o revive the living, cardiac resuscitation now attempts to raise the d ead and dying, and at this it fails. Despite the remarkable success of cardiac resuscitation as a fact, the paper argues that it is a failur e as a technique, paradoxically the more successful a fact it became, the more it failed as a procedure. The paper explains this apparent co ntradiction and the resistance to anomalies, by showing how cardiac re suscitation was created simultaneously inside and outside medical scie nce, from its very start being a social and scientific fact with a vas t network of stabilising allies. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All ri ghts reserved.