SURFACE-ASSOCIATED HSP60 CHAPERONIN OF LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA MEDIATES INVASION IN A HELA-CELL MODEL

HeLa cells have been previously used to demonstrate that virulent stra ins of Legionella pneumophila (but not salt-tolerant avirulent strains ) efficiently invade nonphagocytic cells. Hsp60, a member of the GroEL family of chaperonins, is displayed on the surface of virulent L. pne umophila (R. A. Garduno et al., J. Bacteriol. 180: 505-513, 1988), Bec ause Hsp60 is largely involved in protein-protein interactions, we inv estigated its role in adherence-invasion in the HeLa cell model. Hsp60 -specific antibodies inhibited the adherence and invasiveness of two v irulent L. pneumophila strains in a dose-dependent manner but had no e ffect on the association of their salt-tolerant avirulent derivatives with HeLa cells, A monospecific anti-OmpS (major outer membrane protei n) serum inhibited the association of both virulent and avirulent stra ins of L. pneumophila to Beta cells, suggesting that while both Hsp60 and OmpS may mediate bacterial association to HeLa cells, only virulen t strains selectively displayed Hsp60 on their surfaces. Furthermore, the surface-associated Hsp60 of virulent bacterial cells was susceptib le to the action of trypsin, which rendered the bacteria noninvasive, Additionally, pretreatment of HeLa cells with purified Hsp60 or precoa ting of the plastic surface where HeLa cells attached with Hsp60 reduc ed the adherence and invasiveness of the two virulent strains. Finally , recombinant Hsp60 covalently bound to latex beads promoted the early association of beads with HeLa cells by a factor of 20 over bovine se rum albumin (BSA)-coated beads and competed with virulent strains for association with HeLa cells, Hsp60-coated heads mere internalized in l arge numbers by Beta cells and remained in tight endosomes that did no t fuse with other vesicles, whereas internalized BSA-coated beads, for which endocytic trafficking is well established, resided in more loos e or elongated endosomes, Mature intracellular forms of L, pneumophila , which were up to 100-fold more efficient than agar-grown bacteria at associating with HeLa cells, were enriched for Hsp60 on the bacterial surface, as determined by immunolocalization techniques. Collectively , these results establish a role for surface-exposed Hsp60 in invasion of HeLa cells by L. pneumophila.