Precise synapsis is an essential condition for maintaining regular mei
osis. Many permanent hybrids and polyploids in which meiosis is unbala
nced rely on alternative reproductive systems. In Orobanchaccae, irreg
ular meiosis seems to be the rule, and alternative means of reproducti
on are suggested, involving parthenogenesis and pseudogamy. (C) 1998 T
he Linnean Society of London.