Escherichia coli ATP synthase has eight subunits and functions through
transmission of conformational changes between subunits. Extensive mu
tational analyses identified essential residues for catalysis and conf
ormation transmission. Pseudorevertant studies revealed that beta/alph
a and beta/gamma subunits interactions are important for the energy co
upling between catalysis and H+ translocation. In this article, we dis
cuss mechanism of catalysis and energy coupling based on our recent mu
tation studies.