CLINICAL PHARMACY SERVICES IN HOSPITALS EDUCATING PHARMACY STUDENTS

In 1995 we conducted a national survey of 1102 acute care hospitals in the United States to determine types of clinical pharmacy services, p atient-focused care, and pharmaceutical care used to educate and train pharmacy students, and compared outcomes with surveys in 1989 and 199 2. Clinical pharmacy services offered in 50% or more of Pharm.D.-affil iated hospitals (core services) were drug-use evaluation, in-service e ducation, pharmacokinetic consultations, adverse drug reaction managem ent, drug therapy monitoring, protocol management (most common for ami noglycosides, nutrition, antibiotics, heparin, warfarin, theophylline) , nutrition team, and drug counseling. Comprehensive pharmaceutical ca re programs were established in 64%, 42%, and 33% of Pharm.D., B.S., a nd nonteaching hospitals, respectively. Patient-focused care programs were beginning or established in 77%, 71%, and 60%, respectively. Phar macists served as care team leaders in 23% of hospitals affiliated wit h a college of pharmacy. Most common ambulatory care clinics were onco logy, anticoagulation, diabetes, geriatrics, refill, and infectious di seases/HIV. For-profit hospitals rarely provided education for pharmac y students. Thus patient-focused and comprehensive pharmaceutical care programs exist according to a hospital's academic program affiliation with Pharm.D. or B.S. degree program.