B. Czech et al., SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION, POLITICAL-POWER, AND THE ALLOCATION OF BENEFITS TO ENDANGERED SPECIES, Conservation biology, 12(5), 1998, pp. 1103-1112
Social construction is the virtue ascribed to a subject by the general
public; along with political power, It influences the allocation of p
ublic policy, benefits. Nonhuman species are socially constructed by h
umans, and political power. is held in trust for them by human interes
t groups. Our goal was to determine if the allocation of benefits to e
ndangered species is consistent with social construction and political
power. We assessed the social construction of broad types of species
using survey, data collected from a national sample of 643 respondents
. We found that plants, birds, mammals and fish have a distinctly more
positive social construction than reptiles, amphibians, Invertebrates
, and microorganisms. Respondents also indicated, however, that all no
nhuman species should be conserved and that ecological importance and
rarity are the most important factors to consider in prioritizing spec
ies for conservation. We gauged the political power affiliated with ty
pes of species by the number of nongovernmental organizations represen
ting them. Birds have a substantial advantage over all other types. We
employed a political science model that identifies policy subjects bu
sed on social construction and political power and identified birds ma
mmals, and fish as ''advantaged'' subjects, plants as ''dependents,''
and reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates, and microorganisms as ''devia
nts.'' Numerous exceptions, especially, among mammals, are best descri
bed ns ''contenders'' Allocation of the benefits of the U.S. Endangere
d Species Act is consistent with predictions of the model. A myriad of
values converge to favor birds, mammals, fish, and plants in the poli
cy arena. The I,most promising opportunities for species conservation
in the political arena, however; may, De with plants and amphibians, f
or which the ratio of social construction to benefit allocation is hig
hest.