GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE PHARMACOLOGY OF NICOTINE ADDICTION

Smoking rates have declined in recent years less rapidly in women than in men. More adolescent girls than boys are currently smoking, Quitti ng smoking is reported in many studies to be move difficult in women t han in men. These observations suggest that there may be gender differ ences in the nature of nicotine addiction. Gender differences in vario us pharmacological processes involved in nicotine addiction are review ed Women take in less nicotine from smoking per cigarette than men but , because of slower metabolism, nicotine levels in the body for a give n number of cigarettes per day are similar in male and female smokers. Women tend to be less sensitive to the discriminative effects of nico tine and tend to regulate nicotine intake less precisely than men. On the other hand, women appear to be more sensitive to the effects of ni cotine in reducing negative affect and reducing body weight. There is a strong association between depression and smoking, and this associat ion appears to be stranger in women than in men. Women tend to respond more to environmental cues associated with smoking than do men. Thus, several lines of evidence suggest that nicotine addiction is differen t in women than in men. Understanding the basis for gender differences may be of utility in individualizing and optimizing smoking cessation therapy.