Robust chemical sensors for environmental analysis and process control

Conventional analytical instruments are generally neither sufficiently robu st nor adequately portable for field measurements in environmental applicat ions or process analysis in industry. The requirements for these applicatio ns are ideally fulfilled by selective chemical sensors for the species of i nterest. New ap preaches in the design of these devices ave often needed in order to realize their potential benefits. In this article, examples of el ectrochemical and optical sensors for the determination of gases and ions f or a range of environmental and industrial applications are presented.