Characterization and economic analysis of intensive cropping systems in rainfed lowlands of Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Many farmers are intensifying production systems by applying greater amount s of inorganic fertilizers, irrigation and pesticides, especially to cash c rops. Such intensified systems, even though economically profitable in the short run, may not be sustainable. This paper analyses the economics and su stainability of an intensified rainfed rice-based system in Ilocos Norte, P hilippines. Farmers use high levels of inorganic fertilizers for cash crops such as sweet pepper, garlic and tomato. Although these crops generate hig h levels of income, the high input systems may not be sustainable in the lo ng run due to adverse on-site and off-site effects. Preliminary estimates o f total factor productivity that include on-site effects only, display no c lear time trend. However, negative externalities created by high nitrate co ntamination of groundwater and high rates of pesticide usage could make the system unsustainable by adversely affecting human health and the environme nt.