Activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression by Gardnerella vaginalis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is associated with an increased rate of sexual tra nsmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, and Gardnerella vag inalis is frequently isolated from the genital tracts of women with BV. G. vaginalis lysates were found to significantly stimulate HIV expression in m onocytoid cells. Stimulation was significantly higher when lysates were hea ted at 100 degrees C for 5 min but was reduced by treatment with lysozyme,o r protease, G. vaginalis lysates also activated HIV expression in certain T cell lines, G. vaginalis lysates activated HIV long-terminal repeat transc ription in HIV-infected cells and increased NF-kappa B binding activity, in dicating an effect by G. vaginalis on HIV transcription. The activation of HIV production by G. vaginalis suggests that genital tract infection with G . vaginalis increases the risk of HIV transmission by increasing HIV expres sion in the genital tract, This may explain, at least in part, the increase d rate of HIV transmission in women with BV.