The case for a hierarchical, oblique, and bidimensional structure of loneliness

We argue that loneliness possesses a hierarchical, bidimensional, and obliq ue structure, and draw out implications for psychopathology research. Withi n a higher-order, unidimensional loneliness construct can be found first-or der facets of lonelines-lack of Pleasurable Engagement and Painful Disconne ction. The two first-order factors display differential relations to indice s of symptoms, negative affect, sociability, and life events, but relate si milarly to indices of positive affect. Factor-analytic and correlational da ta from studies on undergraduates were quire consistent with our view, as w ere preliminary data from youth psychiatric inpatients. Our findings bear o n the nature and structure of loneliness; we speculate that they may also i nform research on psychopathology and therapeutics.