Equilibrium and limb coordination in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in equilibrium and limb coordination in norma l aging, mild cognitive impairment, and moderate cognitive impairment assoc iated with early probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), by means of parametric clinical measures. DESIGN: Case series SETTING: Out-patient clinic. PARTICIPANTS: A consecutive sample of 365 community-residing ambulatory vol unteers (137 men, 228 women; mean age 70.4 +/- 9.4 years; mean educational attainment 14.6 +/- 3.1 years), who were followed in an ongoing longitudina l study of aging and AD, comprising cognitively intact individuals, persons with mild cognitive impairment, and patients with mild AD. MEASUREMENTS: For general magnitude of cognitive function, the Global Deter ioration Scale (GDS). For cognition, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMS E). Equilibrium was assessed with parametric measurements of single leg sta nce (SLS) and tandem walking (TW). Limb coordination was assessed with para metric measurements of foot tapping (FT), alternating pronation and supinat ion (PS), and sequential finger to thumb tapping (FTH). MAIN RESULTS: After adjustment for age, persons with mild cognitive impairm ent or mild AD had significantly poorer performance on parametric clinical tests of equilibrium and limb coordination compared with cognitively intact individuals (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in equilibrium and limb coordination are clinically de monstrable in persons with mild cognitive impairment and mild AD using simp le parametric tests. Such tests could potentially identify individuals with increased risk of falling. Early diagnosis and treatment of conditions tha t can jeopardize equilibrium and limb coordination, as well as balance and coordination training, might help cognitively impaired older people to main tain optimal function and may decrease the risk of falls and injuries.