Sixty years of vegetation dynamics in a south boreal coniferous forest in southern Norway

Vegetation data from permanent plots were collected in 1931, 1961 and 1991 in a south boreal forest 20 km north of Oslo in southern Norway. Major chan ges were found in the vegetation composition during those 60 years. The mai n changes were a reduction in the frequency of species and the frequency of joint occurrences of vascular species such as Andromeda polifolia, Calluna vulgaris, Cornus suecica, Eriophorum vaginatum, Maianthemum bifolium, Mela mpyrum pratense, Trientalis europaea, Vaccinium uliginosum and V. oxycoccus , and mosses, e.g. Dicranum fuscescens, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium sc hreberi, Ptilidium ciliare and Ptilium crista-castrensis. The observed changes were interpreted as being induced by internal processe s e.g. notably a long-term change from paludified forest to mesic forest. I n particular the growth of Picea abies seems to be a main driving force. Th e dominance of Picea abies and Vaccinium myrtillus appears to have rendered the conditions more unfavourable for other species. A doubling of the livi ng stem biomass of P. abies during the last 67 yr shows that this old-growt h forest has not yet reached a steady state. It was demonstrated that speci es such as Deschampsia flexuosa and Molinia caerulea did not increase in fr equency in response to nitrogen deposition, as has occurred elsewhere in no rthern Europe. pH in the humus layer increased with 0.2 unit from 1961 to 1 991. The results of this study indicate that protection from logging has initiat ed the reduction of species in the field layer and bottom layer. This study questions if monitoring of forest vegetation should be restricted to prote cted forests as is the practice in Scandinavia today. We recommend that als o areas with some kind of selective cutting will be used for monitoring of forest vegetation.