Renal stone disease has been regarded as an uncommon problem in childr
en compared to adults. However, increased awareness of this problem in
children may lead to early intervention preventing long-term conseque
nces on the kidney and the urinary tract. This article reviews the epi
demiology, pathogenesis, and the most common etiologies of renal stone
s in children. The clinical features and diagnostic and therapeutic mo
dalities for the specific etiologies are also outlined. Using these gu
idelines may be helpful not only in the treatment but also in the prev
ention of renal stones.