CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING PROSTATE BIOPSIES

Objectives: To review the current clinical practice concerning prostat e biopsies and indications for prostate biopsies and to study the valu e of biopsies in grading and staging of prostate cancer. Methods: The literature from 1990 onwards was reviewed systematically. A selection out of the huge number of publications concerning the subject was made based on the relevance of the study (e.g., number of patients, study design). Results: Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies have become a routine procedure in urological practice and can be performed safely. Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended generally. Sextant biopsies sho uld be performed when no lesion is visible or added to lesion-directed biopsies in case of a visible lesion. The indications for biopsies an d for repeat biopsies are discussed. The indication for biopsies remai ns a problem in spite of prostate-specific antigen and prostate specif ic antigen derived indexes and in spite of new imaging techniques. The value of prostate biopsy in grading and staging is limited, and care should be taken not to base treatment decisions on prostate biopsy res ults only and not to compare treatment results based on biopsy data. C onclusions: Prostate biopsies have become a routine procedure in urolo gy. Although very helpful in many cases, their limitations should be k ept in mind. More efforts will have to be made to reduce the (too) lar ge number of negative biopsies by improvement of imaging techniques an d development of more sensitive and specific tumor markers.