The subject of the investigation is the role of ion association in ele
ctrolyte solutions with and without the inclusion of the dipolar inter
action of ion pairs. The corresponding chemical models in the mean sph
erical approximation (MSA) on MM level, and a physical model which - i
n the limit of strong electrostatic association - yields a parameter-f
ree theory, are used to calculate thermodynamic excess functions. The
model calculations are compared with experimental results.