Le frontiere dell'esclusione. Il caso dei centri di permanenza temporanea in Italia dopo la legge Bossi-Fini

Italy's temporary holding centres constitute a sort of black hole for the law. Established to detain migrants pending their expulsion from Italian and European Union soil, they shot into the news headlines and socio-political and legal debate because, in addition to institutionalising reception, they have drained all meaning from one of the most important article in the Italian Constitution ("The freedom of the individual is inviolable"). This is because migrants are detained for up to sixty days in these temporary holding centres by virtue of the Bossi-Fini Act solely because of having taken the step of migranting, which under normal circumstances should not constitute a crime. There is such scanty literature about this topic that the only way to achieve an understanding of its sociological nature is to make a comparative study of other models of detention, such as the open prison, the closed prison or closed institutions. This method of analysis immediately shifts the focus to the type of society that establish forms of custody of these kinds. It therefore follows that the contemporary societies that establish temporary holding centres to contain and manage migratory flows seem to be obsessed by the risk anf by an almost pathological need for security which, however, only makes itself felt with regard to certain types of social actors. These actors are stigmatised and considered to be "socially dangerous" or liable to become so merely because they have no fixed position in society and in the working world. The dynamics of contemporary societies therefore tend to construct black-and-white mindset (citizen v. non-citizen, legal v. illegal etc.) which, as such, produce new forms of exclusion, as well as an evident "dual regime" in law. As result, temporary holding centres become the paradigmatic space of a society shaped by a world "outside" and another world of the "internees", the latter regularly managed by a staff dedicated to what goes by the name of "humanitarian" work: a society shaped by a real, happy and productive world and by a world populated by "discarded lives".