This paper presents a new direct adaptive impedance controller for for
ce/position task that includes transition phases from free to constrai
ned motions. This scheme ensures global asymptotic stability without t
he need for a priori knowledge of environment stiffness. One of the ma
jor consequence of this study is that a generalization of the time-var
ying impedance leads to integral force feedback. Experimental results
on a two-degree-of-freedom planar manipulator are reported. (C) 1997 E
lsevier Science Ltd.